Ebola virus mutated to better infect humans during outbreak: Study

By the end of the Ebola virus disease epidemic in 2016, more than 28,000 people had been infected with the virus, and more than 11,000 people died from Ebola virus disease.

The Ebola outbreak that devastated West Africa in 2014 was a product of multiple factors, including a population that relies increasingly on global travel, poverty and inadequate public health infrastructure on the ground and local burial practices that conflicted with medical advice.

The Ebola virus may have adapted to better infect human cells, say scientists who identified mutations in the deadly virus that developed during the recent epidemic in West Africa.

To study whether the virus might have changed genetically in response to infection of such large numbers of people, the researchers used publicly available Ebola virus genomic sequences to track virus mutations.

They found that mutations of the gene that encodes the Ebola virus glycoprotein increased the virus’ ability to infect cells of humans and other primates.

“Ebola virus is thought to circulate in an unknown animal reservoir and to only rarely cross over into people,” said Jeremy Luban, from the University of Massachusetts Medical School in the US.

“When the virus does cross over, the effect has been devastating to those people who are infected.

Until recently, the human disease outbreaks have been short lived, and the virus has had little opportunity to adapt genetically to the human host,” said Luban.

By increasing infectivity in human cells, it is possible that these mutations increased Ebola virus spread during the outbreak.

“If you introduce a virus into a new host, like humans, it may need to adapt to better infect and spread in that host,” said Jonathan Ball, from the University of Nottingham.

“One particular mutation, studied by both groups, emerged early in the outbreak just as case numbers vastly increased and soon became the dominant virus type circulating in the outbreak,” said ball.

The Ebola virus mutations did not increase the ability of Ebola virus to infect cells from other mammalian species, including fruit bats, the presumed natural host of Ebola virus.

“We found that, as Ebola virus was spreading from human to human, it apparently didn’t have to worry about maintaining its infectivity in bats,” Ball said.

“It’s important to understand how these viruses evolve during outbreaks,” said Luban.

“By doing so, we will be better prepared should these viruses spill over to humans in the future,” he said.