Sunlight will now transform into low-cost medicine by genetically modified microalgae: Study

As we all know microalgae, typically found in freshwater and marine systems, are unicellular species which exist individually or in chains or groups. They are capable of performing photosynthesis and are important for life on earth; they produce approximately half of the atmospheric oxygen and use simultaneously the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide to grow photoautotrophically. Microalgae is the base of the food web and provide energy for all the trophic levels about it, defines Wikipedia.

Recently scientists, including one of Indian-origin, have modified microalgae genetically to allow them to transform sunlight into everything ranging from chemotherapy or bioplastics to valuable flavour and fragrance compounds.

The findings are detailed in the journal Metabolic Engineering.

Speaking on the same, Agnieszka Janina Zygadlo Nielsen, from the University of Copenhagen in Denmark said, "We hijack a portion of the energy produced by the microalgae from their photosynthetic systems. By redirecting that energy to a genetically modified part of the cell capable of producing various complex chemical materials, we induce the light-driven biosynthesis of these compounds.”

The researchers successfully modified microalgae to form complex molecules to an unprecedented extent, an advance that may lead to a low-cost and environment friendly method of producing chemicals such as pharmaceutical compounds.          

The problem with many of these substances today is that they are pricey and difficult to make, and therefore produced only in small quantities in the medicinal plants, researchers said.

"A cancer drug like Taxol, for instance, is made from old yew trees, which naturally produce the substance in their bark. It is a cumbersome process which results in expensive treatments. If we let the microalgae run the production this problem could be obsolete," Nielsen said.            

In addition to that, Thiyagarajan Gnanasekaran, from the University of Copenhagen said the method can be run sustainably and continuously, and this is what makes it even more spectacular compared to present methods. He said, "Our study shows that it is possible to optimise the enzymatic processes in the cells using only sunlight, water, and CO2 by growing them in transparent plastic bags in a greenhouse.”

Theoretically, said Gnanasekaran, the water could be replaced with sewage water, which could make the process run on entirely renewable energy and nutrient sources. "Recycling wastewater from industry and cities to produce valuable substances would surely be positive," he added.

Furthermore, if we can create a closed system that produces the valued chemicals from water, sunlight and carbon dioxide, it would be a fully competitive method compared to the ones used today, where it is primarily extracted from plants or yeast and E coli bacteria producing the substances, said Nielsen.

"In theory, it should be cheaper, in the long run, to use our method than adding the large quantities of sugar that the conventional yeast and E coli cultures among other things need to function," she said.

Besides Gnanasekaran added, "It is difficult to produce large quantities of the desired compounds in microalgae because they have to use a large amount of the produced energy for themselves since they are fully photosynthetic organisms. Exactly, for this reason, it makes good sense to have them produce the particularly valuable substances which are cost effective to produce in relatively small quantities at a time, as for instance medicine.”

The biodiversity of microalgae is enormous and they represent an almost untapped resource. It has been estimated that about 200,000-800,000 species in many different genres exist of which about 50,000 species are described.