Volcanic eruptions spurred dawn of dinosaurs but how they survived it remains a mystery

Volcanic eruptions may have triggered the mass extinction on Earth about 200 million years ago, according to an Oxford study. The volcanic activity set the scene for the rise and age of dinosaurs, it said.

What was proceeded by the dinosaur was the Triassic extinction, one of the largest mass extinctions of animals on record. Large crocodile-like reptiles and several marine invertebrates were among the animals that were wiped out.

However, it still remains a mystery why this event was survived by dinosaurs, they went on to take the place of now extinct wildlife species, alongside early mammals and amphibians.

This mass extinction has long been linked to a large and abrupt release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, but the exact source of this emission has been unknown.

volcanic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions had previously been suggested as an important contributor to this extinction event following the discovery of volcanic rocks of the same age as the extinction.

Previous studies have also shown that this volcanism might have occurred in pulses, but the global extent and potential impact of these volcanic episodes has remained unknown.

A huge area, across four continents was covered by these volcanic rocks, representing the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP).

Researchers from the Oxford University in collaboration with the Universities of Exeter and Southampton in the UK traced the global impact of major volcanic gas emissions and their link to the end of the Triassic period.

The findings link volcanism to the previously observed repeated large emissions of carbon dioxide that had a profound impact on the global climate, causing the mass extinction at the end of the Triassic Period, as well as slowing the recovery of animal life afterwards.

By investigating the mercury content of sedimentary rocks deposited during the extinction, the study revealed clear links in the timing of CAMP volcanism and the end-Triassic extinction.

Volcanoes give off mercury gas emissions, which spread globally through the atmosphere, before being deposited in sediments.

Any sediments left during a large volcanic event would therefore be expected to have unusually high mercury content.

The team sourced six sediment deposits from the UK, Austria, Argentina, Greenland, Canada and Morocco, and analysed their mercury levels.

Five of the six records showed a large increase in mercury content beginning at the end-Triassic extinction horizon, with other peaks observed between the extinction horizon and the Triassic-Jurassic boundary, which occurred about 200 thousand years later.

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Elevated mercury emissions also coincided with previously established increases in atmospheric CO2 concentrations, indicating CO2 release from volcanic degassing.

“These results strongly support repeated episodes of volcanic activity at the end of the Triassic, with the onset of volcanism during the end-Triassic extinction,” said Lawrence Percival, lead author of the study published in the journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 

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(With inputs from PTI)